One security concern for IT managers is that while Skype uses an encrypted public key infrastructure, it automatically authenticates users itself. This means that users cannot authenticate the identity of the people they are communicating with. Skype is a public key infrastructure, which means nothing if you don't know who you are identifying at the other end," Sauer said. The company is researching ways users can authenticate each other, including looking at so-called "ring of trust" models, where a certification authority (CA) establishes the identity of users. Once user identity has been established, the person is added to the ring of trust by being issued a certificate from the CA.