Want to gain superuser access to a Linux system? Here are some of the best ways to enumerate a Linux machine. . Enumeration is one of the key stages of penetration testing. It's the first thing to do when you've compromised a target system as a penetration tester. Although there are a plethora of tools to automate this process, it's always recommended to manually scour through and double-check the system for potential vectors of privilege escalation. Let's look at the different ways to manually enumerate a Linux system for privilege escalation. Privilege escalation, also known as Escalation of Privilege (EOP) is a core component of penetration testing and the penetration testing methodology. As the name suggests, it's a stage when you attempt to elevate your privileges to the administrator or, in Linux systems, the root user. To gain root privileges, you need to first find a vulnerability in the system. This is where enumeration comes into play. Though there are tools to automate enumeration, more often than not, manual and thorough enumeration can uncover misconfigurations and other vulnerabilities that aren't picked up by tools. . Effective enumeration is key in Linux penetration testing for superuser access. Explore users, services, packages, SUID files, and network configs for vulnerabilities. Linux Enumeration, Privilege Escalation Techniques, Security Assessment Methods. . Brittany Day
For any red teamer, SSH bastions (hosts that can control access between environments) can be difficult to compromise due to the use of multi-factor authentication (MFA) technologies. In a typical scenario, you may end up on a user’s host that has access to the bastion thanks to phishing or exploiting a vulnerability with the compromised user’s permissions. Learn more about SSH multiplexing and its role in bypassing authentication on SSH bastion hosts: . The normal course of action is to identify the privilege escalation vector in order to get root. This privilege escalation is not always a possibility, but using a method that takes advantage of an SSH feature called “multiplexing” can help with this pivoting. SSH multiplexing is the ability to send multiple SSH connections using a single pre-existing connection. This is used in environments to improve efficiency and reduce resource load. This isn’t a new feature: there’s a detailed write-up in the OpenSSH Cookbook about how it works; HD Moore & Valsmithpresented on the topicat DEF CON back in 2007. The only major difference is that, today, SSH bastion hosts are heavily used in many production environments. These bastion servers will typically use a form of MFA that can be a major obstacle when attempting to pivot into sensitive areas of a network. The link for this article located at NCC Group is no longer available. . Explore the advantages of SSH session multiplexing to streamline secure access and mitigate authentication hurdles on gateway servers.. SSH Authentication, Bastion Hosts, Privilege Escalation, SSH Multiplexing, Red Team Techniques. . Brittany Day
Get the latest Linux and open source security news straight to your inbox.