Let's assume that you have an Apache webserver and a website that you want VERY finite access controls on. You could do it a number of ways, right? You could craft a clever login page and use cookies, session IDs, etc. You could use a simple authentication method like .htaccess. Or, you could create a custom SSL certificate and give that certificate to very specific users that should have access to your site. In a perfect world, only these users could communicate with your site AND the connection would be secured via the magic of SSL.

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