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102

CrowdSec: Effective DDoS Mitigation and IP Threat Management

CrowdSec is a massively multiplayer firewall designed to protect Linux servers, services, containers, or virtual machines exposed on the Internet with a server-side agent. It was inspired by Fail2Ban and aims to be a modernized, collaborative version of that intrusion-prevention tool. . CrowdSec is free and open-source (under an MIT License), with the source code available on GitHub . It uses a behavior analysis system to qualify whether someone is trying to hack you, based on your logs. If your agent detects such aggression, the offending IP is then dealt with and sent for curation. If this signal passes the curation process, the IP is then redistributed to all users sharing a similar technological profile to “immunize” them against this IP. The goal is to leverage the power of the crowd to create a real-time IP reputation database. As for the IP that aggressed your machine, you can choose to remedy the threat in any manner you feel appropriate. Ultimately, CrowdSec leverages the power of the community to create an extremely accurate IP reputation system that benefits all its users. It was clear to the founders that Open Source was going to be one of the main pillars of CrowdSec. The project's founders have been working on open-source projects for decades - they didn’t just jump on the train. Rather, they are strong Open Source believers. They believe that the crowd is key to the mass hacking plague we are experiencing, and that Open Source is the best lever to create a community and have people contribute their knowledge to the project, ultimately make it better and more secure. The solution recently turned 1.x, introducing a major architectural change: the introduction of a local REST API. How CrowdSec Works CrowdSec is written in Golang and was designed to run on modern, complex architectures such as clouds, lambdas, and containers. To achieve this, it's "decoupled," meaning you can "detect here" (e.g., in your database logs) and "remedy there" (e.g., in your firewall or rproxy). Thetool uses leaky buckets internally to allow for tight event control. Scenarios are written in YAML to make them as simple and readable as possible without sacrificing granularity. The inference engine lets you get insights from chain buckets or meta-buckets, meaning if several buckets (e.g., web scan, port scan, and login attempt failed) overflow into a "meta-bucket," you can trigger a "targeted attack" remediation. Aggressive IPs are dealt with using bouncers. The CrowdSec Hub offers ready-to-use data connectors, bouncers (e.g., Nginx, PHP, Cloudflare, Netfilter), and scenarios to deter different attack classes. These bouncers can remedy threats in various ways. Crowdsec works on bouncers such as Captcha, limiting applicative rights, multi-factor authentication, throttling queries, or activating Cloudflare attack mode just when needed. You can get a sense of what's happening locally (and where it's occurring) with a lightweight visualization interface and strong Prometheus observability . Crowdsourcing Security While the Crowdsec software currently looks like a spruced up Fail2Ban, the project's goal is to leverage the power of the crowd to create a highly accurate IP reputation database. When CrowdSec bounces a specific IP, the triggered scenario and the timestamp are sent to our API to be checked and integrated into the global consensus of bad IPs. While we are already redistributing a blocklist to our community, we plan to really improve upon this aspect as soon as we have dealt with other prerequisite code lines. The network already has sightings of 130,000+ IPs (refreshed daily) and is able to redistribute ~10% (13,000) of those to our community members. Our vision is that once the CrowdSec community is large enough, we will all generate, in real-time, the most accurate IP reputation database available. This global reputation engine, coupled with local behavior assessment and remediation, should allow many businesses to achieve tighter security at a very low cost. Case Studies Here are two examples of what CrowdSec does: Case #1 A company protecting its customers from DDoS attacks set up a DDoS mitigation strategy relying on Fail2Ban. When one of its customers was attacked by a 7,000-machine botnet, CrowdSec was able to ingest all the logs and successfully banned more than 95% of the botnet, efficiently mitigating the attack in less than five minutes. For the sake of comparison, to deal with this attack Fail2Ban would have needed to process several thousand logs per minute, which is quite challenging and would have taken nearly 50 minutes. Case #2 An e-commerce business was going through a massive credit card stuffing attack. The attacker was spamming the payment gateway, testing thousands of different credit card details using a sole IP address. Instead of having to amend all of its apps to try to detect the attack, by installing CrowdSec, the company could scan all the logs and block the intrusion within minutes. Business model A common stress among open-source projects is setting up a viable monetization model. So, in full transparency, we'll offer premium subscriptions to businesses that want to leverage our IP reputation database without contributing to it or sharing their banned IP data. This will allow anyone to query the IP reputation database upon receiving the first packet from an unknown IP before accepting it. Getting Started and Getting Involved CrowdSec's setup is quick and easy (taking just five minutes, tops). It's heavily assisted by a wizard to allow as many people and organizations as possible to use it. The project is production-grade and already runs in many places, including hosting companies (although it's still in beta). Currently, community members come from 70+ countries across six different continents and have blocked 130,000+ malicious IPs. The Crowdsec team is looking for more users, contributors, and ambassadors to take the project to the next level. The team would love to hear your feedback about this latest release. If youare interested in testing the software or would like to get in touch with the team, check the following links: Download CrowdSec v1.x The CrowdSecwebsite Their GitHub repository Thank you to the Crowdsec project for contributing this article. . Uncover the ways in which CrowdSec, an open-source security tool, fortifies Linux systems by leveraging a community-powered IP reputation framework.. crowdsec, collaborative firewall, IP security, threat remediation, open source. . Brittany Day

Calendar 2 Feb 22, 2021 User Avatar Brittany Day
102

Honeynets: Essential Tool for Threat Detection and Cyber Intelligence

Honeynets are an invaluable offensive security tool for learning the tactics and motives of the blackhat community and sharing the information and insights gathered. This article will explore what a Honeynet is, its value, how it works and the risks involved with deploying a Honeynet. It will also examine some great open-source honeynet options your organization may wish to consider. . What is a Honeynet? A Honeynet is a type of honeypot - or resource whose value is being probed, attacked, or compromised - that is designed specifically for research. The traditional value of honeypots has been their ability to deceive blackhats and detect attacks. Smokescreen Product Manager Amir Moin elaborates on the value of honeypots: “Organizations can reap a myriad of benefits from deploying honeypots as part of a comprehensive threat detection strategy. Quality deception technology can help identify targeted threats with a very low rate of false positives. This technology is highly effective in detecting credential phishing attacks, identifying privilege escalation and lateral movement, protecting remotely accessible services and improving active directory security.” A Honeynet is different from a traditional honeypot - it can be categorized as a research honeypot. This does not make it a better solution than a traditional honeypot; merely it has a different purpose. Instead of a honeynet’s value lying in the ability to detect or deceive attackers, its value lies in the ability to gain information on threats. The two biggest design differences between classic honeypots and honeynets are: A honeynet is not a single system, but rather a network of multiple systems. This network sits behind an access control device where all inbound and outbound data is controlled and captured. This captured information is then analyzed to gain insight into the tools, tactics, and motives of the blackhat community. Honeynets can utilize multiple systems at the same time, such as Solaris, Linux, WindowsNT, Cisco router, Alteon switch, etc. This creates a network environment that more realistically mirrors a production network. Also, by having different systems with different applications, such as a Linux DNS server or a web server administrators can learn about different tools and tactics. Perhaps certain blackhats target specific systems, applications or vulnerabilities. Having a variety of operating systems and applications enables researchers to accurately profile specific blackhat trends and signatures. All systems placed within the Honeynet are standard production systems. These are real systems and applications - the same ones that are found on the Internet. Nothing is emulated nor is anything done to make the systems less secure. The risks and vulnerabilities discovered within a Honeynet are the same as those that exist in many organizations today. One can simply take a system from a production environment and place it within the Honeynet. It is these two design differences that make a Honeynet primarily a research tool. It can be used as a traditional honeypot, for purposes such as detecting unauthorized activity; however, a Honeynet requires significantly more work, risk and administration. It is simply not worth the effort of building and maintaining a Honeynet merely to detect attacks. For the sole purpose of detecting attacks, administrators are far better off with the simpler honeypot solution mentioned above. The Value of a Honeynet Traditionally, information security has been purely defensive. Firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems, encryption; all of these mechanisms are used defensively to protect one's resources. The strategy is to defend one's organization as best as possible, detect any failures in the defense, and then react to those failures. The problem with this purely defensive approach is that the enemy is offensive and on the attack. Honeynets attempt to change this approach to security by giving organizations the ability to be proactive and take theinitiative. The primary purpose of a Honeynet is to gather information about threats that exist. New tools can be discovered, worms can be captured and analyzed before they do extensive damage and attack patterns can be determined. Captured information can also be used as an early warning system, alerting users of attacks before they happen. Honeynets can also provide an organization with valuable information on its own security risks and vulnerabilities. Honeynets can consist of the same systems and applications that an organization is using for its production environment. Risks and vulnerabilities that exist in a Honeynet (which is far more closely monitored and analyzed) identify risks and vulnerabilities in an organization's production environment. For example, a company may want to implement a new web server interface for credit card use. Both the system and application can first be tested in a Honeynet environment to identify any unknown risks or vulnerabilities. Additionally, a Honeynet can help an organization develop its Incident Response capabilities. It can vastly improve an organization’s ability to detect, react to, recover from and analyze systems that have been compromised. The advantage of analyzing these compromised systems is that, since most of the answers already exist, these systems can be viewed as a 'challenge', allowing organizations to test their abilities to determine what happened using various forensic techniques. These results can be compared to the data captured from within the Honeynet. This information can also be used to determine if any other systems within an organization’s production network have been compromised. How Honeynets Work Conceptually, Honeynets are a simple mechanism. In many ways, a honeynet is similar to a fishbowl - researchers and security professionals can see everything that happens inside it and watch for and monitor attackers in the network. Also, just like a fishbowl, there are many options for adding to and altering a Honeynet. Traditionally, the greatest problem security professionals face in detecting and capturing blackhat activity is information overload. The challenge for most organizations is determining from vast amounts of information what is production traffic and what is malicious activity. Tools and techniques such as Intrusion Detection Systems, host based forensics, or system log analysis attempt to solve this problem by using a database of known signatures or algorithms to determine what is production traffic and what is malicious activity. However, information overload, data pollution, unknown activity, false positives and false negatives can make analyzing and evaluating activity extremely difficult. Like all honeypots, the Honeynet solves this problem of data overload through simplicity. A Honeynet is a network designed to be compromised, not to be used for production traffic. Thus, any traffic entering or leaving the network is suspicious by definition. Any connection initiated from outside the Honeynet into the network is most likely some type of probe, attack or other type of malicious activity. Any connection initiated from the Honeynet to an outside network indicates that a system was compromised - an attacker has initiated a connection from his newly hacked computer and is now going out to the Internet. This concept greatly simplifies data capture and analysis. There are two critical requirements that define every Honeynet: Data Control and Data Capture. If there is a failure in either requirement, then there is a failure within the Honeynet. Honeynets are extremely flexible tools; they can be built and deployed in a variety of different ways. As a result, almost no two Honeynets look the same; however, they must all meet the requirements of Data Control and Data Capture. Data Control is what mitigates risk. It controls the attacker's activity by limiting what can happen both inbound and outbound. The risk is that once an attacker compromises a system within the Honeynet, they can then use thatsystem to attack other non-Honeynet systems, such as organizations on the Internet. The attacker must be controlled so they cannot compromise non-Honeynet systems. Data Capture collects all the activity that happens inbound, outbound, or within the Honeynet. It provides valuable insight by capturing attackers’ activities. The trick is to both control and capture attackers’ activity, without them realizing that they are within a Honeynet. There is a third requirement, Data Collection; however, this is only for organizations that have multiple Honeynets in distributed environments. Many organizations will have only one Honeynet, so all they need to do is control and capture data. However, organizations that have multiple Honeynets logically or physically distributed around the world have to collect all of the captured data and store it in a central location. By doing this, the captured data can be combined, exponentially increasing its value. The Data Collection requirement provides the secure means of centrally collecting all of the captured information from distributed Honeynets. Data Control As stated above, data control is the containment of activity. When dealing with blackhats, there is always risk that must be mitigated. It is critical to ensure that once compromised, a honeypot cannot be used to harm any system outside the Honeynet (anything inside the Honeynet is fair game). However, the challenge is to control the data flow without making blackhats suspicious. Once a system is compromised, blackhats will often require Internet connectivity, such as retrieving toolkits, setting up IRC connections, etc. We have to give them the flexibility to execute these actions, as these are the very steps we want to learn and analyze. Also, blackhats may become highly suspicious if they cannot initiate any outbound connections. We made that very same mistake with our first honeypot. We did not allow any outbound Internet connections. It took the blackhat only fifteen minutes to figure outsomething was wrong, wipe the system drive, and leave the network. So, the trick is to give the blackhat flexibility to execute whatever they need, but without allowing them to use the compromised system to attack others with Denial of Service attacks, system scans and other types of exploits. Data Capture Data Capture encompasses the capturing of all malicious activities that occur within a honeynet. It is these activities that are then analyzed to learn about the blackhat community. The challenge is to capture as much data as possible, without blackhats figuring out what is going on. This is done with as few modifications as possible, if any, to a honeypot. Also, data captured must be stored remotely - it cannot be stored locally on the honeypot. Information stored locally could potentially be detected by the blackhat, alerting them that the system is a Honeynet. Data stored locally is at risk of being lost or destroyed. Successful Data Capture is done in layers - no single layer will capture adequate information. Rather - data must be gathered from a variety of resources. Only a multi-layered approach reveals “the big picture”. The first layer of logging activity is the firewall. The firewall logs all connections initiated to and from the Honeynet. This information is critical, as all connections are suspicious. Firewalls should be designed not only to log all connections, but to also alert the administrator whenever a connection is attempted. This is extremely useful for tracking scanning patterns. Additionally, a firewall can detect backdoors or proprietary ports. Most exploits create a shell or backdoor on a system. These backdoors are easy to detect when the firewall alerts of a connection on a system on a random high port. The firewall should also send an alert when a honeypot on the Honeynet initiates an outbound connection. The firewall once again logs this activity - indicating that a system was compromised. Another critical layer is the IDS system, which has twopurposes. The first, and by far most important, is to capture all network activity. The primary job of the IDS is to capture and record every packet that hits the wire. The IDS system resides on a 'port monitoring' port, so it can record all network activity. These records are then used to analyze blackhats’ activities. The second function of the IDS system is to alert an administrator of any suspicious activity within the honeynet. Most IDS systems have a database of signatures. When a packet on the network matches a signature, an alert is generated. This function is not as critical for a Honeynet, as any activity is considered suspicious by nature. However, IDS systems can provide detailed information about a specific connection. Data Collection Data Control and Data Capture are two requirements for Honeynet technologies. Any time an organization deploys a Honeynet, it is critical to ensure that these standards are met. Data Collection is different in that it is optional. Data Collection is the aggregation of data from multiple Honeynets to a centralized point. Its purpose is to exponentially increase the value of information collected. Most organizations deploy only a single Honeynet, so Data Collection does not apply. However, some organizations deploy multiple Honeynets. In these cases, there needs to be a standard for Data Collection. When part of a distributed environment, each Honeynet is assigned a unique identifier. Data sent by each Honeynet to a central location is tagged with the unique identifier. This data is then forwarded by each Honeynet to the single data collection point. Virtual Honeynets Virtual Honeynets take the same concepts used in classic Honeynets and implement these concepts into a single system. This implementation has both advantages and disadvantages over clasic Honeynets. The advantages associated with deploying virtual Honeynets are reduced cost and easier management, as everything is combined on a single system. However, this simplicity comes at acost. Virtual Honeynets limit the types of operating systems you can deploy by the hardware and virtualization software they require. In addition, virtual Honeynets carry increased risk - as an attacker could potentially break out of the virtualization software and take over the Honeynet system, bypassing Data Control and Data Capture mechanisms. Open-Source Honeynets: Detect Threats For Free Cyberattacks are rapidly evolving, posing a bigger threat to organizations’ security than ever before. Deception technology is invaluable in detecting advanced attacks and reflecting the costs of these exploits back onto the attackers. Are you looking for a way to recognize the benefits of deception technology for free? Deploying open-source honeynets makes this possible. Smokescreen Product Manager Amir Moin explains, “Deception technology is an effective approach to threat detection. However, some organizations might be apprehensive about investing time and money into this technology without being certain that it will work for them. Security teams at these organizations can use open-source honeynets to “test the waters” and demonstrate value to management without spending a dime.” Here are some great open-source honeynet options you may want to consider: All-in-One Modern Honey Network (MHN) is a centralized server for honeypot management and data collection. It combines Snort, Kippo, Dionaea and Conpot. MHN is user-friendly and easy to install. Honeydrive is a GNU/Linux distribution that comes pre-installed and offers a host of active defense capabilities. It can be viewed as the “anti-Kali”. Network Services Honeynets Cowrie is a medium to high interaction SSH honeypot which emulates an interactive SSH server with customizable responses to commands. It is designed to log brute force attacks and the shell interaction performed by attackers. Dionaea is a multi-protocol honeypot that covers everything from FTP to SIP. It excels in SMB decoys, and isable to simulate malware payload execution to analyze multi-part stagers. Honeyclients and Malware Analysis Cuckoo Sandbox is not technically a honeypot; however, it’s an excellent sandbox for malware analysis. This tool allows you to safely execute possible malware samples, and it provides a comprehensive report on the code executed. Thug is a low-interaction “honeyclient” that mimics the behavior of a web browser to analyze client-side exploits. Database and NoSQL Honeynets MongoDB-HoneyProxy is a honeypot proxy that emulates an insecure MongoDB database, logging all traffic to a dummy MongoDB server. ElasticHoney emulates an elastic search instance, searching for attempted remote code execution (RCE). Honeytokens Canarytokens by Thinkst Applied Research let you position decoy data across your systems for attackers to trigger, helping track activity on your network. Internet of Things (IoT) Honeynets Honeything is a honeypot for Internet of TR-069 Things. It is designed to act as a modem/router with RomPager embedded web server. It supports the TR-069 (CWMP) protocol. SCADA/ICS Honeynets ConPot emulates a wide range of operational technology control system infrastructures, and is designed to be easy to deploy, modify and extend. It provides common industrial control protocols , which can be used to build a system that mimics complex infrastructures to convince a malicious hacker that he or she just found a huge industrial complex. This honeynet also comes with a web server that can emulate a SCADA HMI. GasPot emulates a Veeder Root Guardian AST that is commonly used in the oil and gas industry for monitoring. Honeynet Care, Feeding and Risk Honeynets are not a "fire and forget" solution- they are a complex type of honeypot that requires constant maintenance, administration and vigilance. For maximum effectiveness, administrators need to detect and react to incidents as soon as possible. By watchingblackhat activities in real-time, one can maximize Data Capture and analysis capabilities. Also, to detect the unknown, suspicious activity must constantly be reviewed. This requires extensive time and analysis capabilities. For example, in just 30 minutes a blackhat can do enough damage to a compromised honeypot to require 30-40 hours in order to fully understand what happened. Constant maintenance is also required to ensure operability of a Honeynet. If something goes wrong - which is definitely not uncommon - the Honeynet Your alert processes may fail, disks can fill, IDS signatures can become outdated, configuration files can become corrupted, system logs will need to be reviewed and firewalls will need to be updated and patched. This represents just a small portion of the constant care and feeding that is required for a Honeynet to be successful. Your work has only begun when you implement a Honeynet! Virtual Honeynets eliminate some of the headaches associated with deploying and maintaining a Honeynet by combining all the elements of a Honeynet onto one physical system. Not only are all three requirements of Data Control, Data Capture, and Data Collection met, but the actual honeypots themselves run on the single system. The honeypots are actual operating systems. Nothing is emulated. The advantage here is one of both cost and efficiency. It is much cheaper to use a single system to run all the elements of a Honeynet, and it is much easier to deploy and maintain. Also, there are risks involved with building and implementing a Honeynet that must be considered. Before deploying a Honeynet, it is important to understand and acknowledge that blackhats will be attacking and compromising these systems. By setting up a network to be compromised, administrators expose both themselves and others to risk. They assume a responsibility to ensure that the Honeynet, once compromised, cannot be used to attack or harm other systems. However, with an Honeynet environment, there is always the potential forsomething to go wrong. There are a variety of measures that can be implemented to mitigate this risk; however, it is quite possible for a blackhat to develop a method or tool that allows them to bypass these access control methods. Also, one needs to be constantly testing and updating the environment to ensure control measures are working effectively. Never underestimate the creative power of the blackhat community! The use of a firewall, routers and other techniques can help mitigate the risk of a Honeynet being used to damage other systems. However, there is risk associated with any Honeynet regardless. Finally, Honeynets should not be viewed as a solution for all of an organization’s security problems. LinuxSecurity Founder Dave Wreski cautions: “Organizations should focus on best practices first, such as strong authentication, use of encrypted protocols, reviewing system logs and secure system builds. By prioritizing proper policies and procedures, risk can be greatly reduced. Honeynets do not reduce risk - they most likely increase it. Honeynets are designed to gather information on the enemy - they will not fix unsecured servers, nor will they fix bad processes or procedures.” Conclusion Honeynets are a type of honeypot designed to gather information - specifically the tools, tactics and motives of the blackhat community. This information can be used to protect organizations against various threats. There are two design differences between traditional honeypots and a Honeynet. The first difference is that a Honeynet is not a single system, but a network of multiple systems and applications. The second difference is that Honeynets are production systems - the same systems found on the Internet. Neither the systems nor the vulnerabilities are emulated. This combination makes Honeynets an excellent research tool. However, Honeynets require a tremendous amount of administrative overhead. The Honeynet administrator has the responsibility of ensuring that no other systems will beattacked from a compromised Honeynet. LinuxSecurity Founder Dave Wreski evaluates the risks and benefits associated with deploying Honeynets: “Without proper administration, the risks of using a Honeynet may outweigh the reward. This tool is not a cure-all or a “band-aid” for fundamental security flaws, and it may not be a suitable solution for every organization. Organizations should first focus on securing their systems. Once secured, they may then be able to utilize Honeynets as a powerful tool to take the initiative and learn more about both the enemy and themselves.” . What is a Honeynet? A Honeynet is a type of honeypot - or resource whose value is being probed, atta. honeynets, invaluable, offensive, security, learning, tactics, motives. . Brittany Day

Calendar 2 May 18, 2020 User Avatar Brittany Day
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[{"id":483,"title":"Self-taught through trial and error","votes":545,"type":"x","order":1,"pct":78.42,"resources":[]},{"id":484,"title":"Formal training or courses","votes":30,"type":"x","order":2,"pct":4.32,"resources":[]},{"id":485,"title":"A job that required it","votes":34,"type":"x","order":3,"pct":4.89,"resources":[]},{"id":486,"title":"Other","votes":86,"type":"x","order":4,"pct":12.37,"resources":[]}] ["#ff5b00","#4ac0f2","#b80028","#eef66c","#60bb22","#b96a9a","#62c2cc"] ["rgba(255,91,0,0.7)","rgba(74,192,242,0.7)","rgba(184,0,40,0.7)","rgba(238,246,108,0.7)","rgba(96,187,34,0.7)","rgba(185,106,154,0.7)","rgba(98,194,204,0.7)"] 350
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